Continuous Auditing Automated Auditing Capability

Question: Talk about the Continuous Auditing for Automated Auditing Capability. Answer: Presentation: A portion of the qualities in buy and installment framework are that once merchandise are gotten, distribution center administrator set aside effort to check for the conveyance not against fixings and afterward edify the convey siphon fixings in the companys stockpiling tank. This is a key quality since it would help with guaranteeing that merchandise are conveyed in the correct quality without trading off the item quality. The subsequent quality is that because of mass amount limits, the stockroom administrator put in a request of the elements for a quarter of a year at whatever point one month fixings are left. This is another key quality since it would empower them to appreciate huge limits and to guarantee that the firm can convey items once they are required by their customers immediately. Thirdly, the demonstration of record payable assistant of checking subtleties of conveyance note got for errors before setting up a check for measure of receipt just as sending check order, with receipt and conveyance note to money related controller for approval is another key quality. This is seen as quality in buy and installment frameworks since it help in dodging any opportunity of making installments to items that are not to the necessary principles or sidestepping any opportunity of misrepresenting the sum to be paid to providers. It additionally helps with diminishing any likelihood of making an inappropriate add up to the providers (Taylor, 2000). Another quality in buy and installment framework is the way that once the check is marked by the overseeing executive and money related controller for approval, sending the record to banking representative for documentation to general record and demonstration of recording the check order with supporting documentation by the check d emand number. This is seen as a quality in that is help the firm in guaranteeing that all the proof for installment is accessible for later use on the off chance that providers express that they didn't get any installment from the distribution center. A portion of the shortcomings that can be brought up during buy and installment framework is that first there no record was continued during the discussion between the stockroom chief and endorsed providers, nor does the administrator required any endorsement. This is a significant shortcoming in that absence of legitimate record during discussion would bring about wrong request being conveyed by the providers or wrong amount or quality being recorded whereby the stockroom supervisor would not have proof to demonstrate the amount or fixings s/he requested. Furthermore, when merchandise were gotten by stockroom aides at no time did they check real amount got or conveyed to them. Inability to check for real amount got is seen as a shortcoming in buy and installment framework since it would bring about poor amount being conveyed to the distribution center unnoticed which could sooner or later outcome to significant misfortune being accounted for toward the end. To test controls for quality related with the demonstration of distribution center administrator setting aside some effort to check for the conveyance not against fixings previously permitting the convey siphon fixings in the companys stockpiling tank would be incorporate test for presence. This would include testing or re-execution of control, for example, checking costs and locating archives to confirm that controls were totally agreed to (Taylor, 2000). Then again, to test control for quality related with stockroom supervisor demonstration of submitting a request of the elements for a quarter of a year at whatever point one month fixings are left would be test for congruity. This would be cultivated by guaranteeing that examples of the exchanges that are to be tried are chosen all as the year progressed (Flowerday, Blundell Von Solms, 2006). Further, to test controls for quality connected with the demonstration of record payable assistant of checking subtleties of conveyance note got for inconsistencies before setting up a check for measure of receipt just as sending check order, with receipt and conveyance note to money related controller for approval would incorporate trial of adequacy. This would include methodology, for example, checking maths on solicitations just as watching that all the conveyance notes contains some supporting documentations. This would help with guaranteeing that the controls are effectively recognized (Gay Simnett, 2000). Essentially, trial of controls for this quality would involve choosing test of association in the money receipts diary just as evaluating proof which could be coordinated to explicit deals solicitations. At last, to test controls for the quality connected with the demonstration of check being marked by the overseeing chief and money related controller for approval, sending the report to banking representative for documentation to general record and demonstration of recording the check order with supporting documentation by the check demand number would be test for viability. This would contain checking whether the control is modified like checking the approval codes, or running unapproved exchanges by means of the program so as to guarantee they are appropriately distinguished and rejected (Gay Simnett, 2000). To limit the shortcoming or hazard related with absence of appropriate record during discussion between the distribution center supervisor and endorsed providers would incorporate fulfillment test. For this situation, a test for fulfillment would be directed which remember assessment of various exchanges for the bookkeeping records to fulfill that merchandise recorded were conveyed (Taylor, 2000). All in all, given that there is a likelihood of error because of absence of appropriate record of the discussions, there is requirements to test for customers bank compromise. Here, there is have to review supporting archives for installments (Gay Simnett, 2000). Then again, to limit shortcoming or hazard related with inability to check for real amount got by stockroom would incorporate test for culmination. This would contain execution of meaningful trial of the parities and exchanges where the director test whether there is adequate solace over explicit declaration of the exchanges or parities (Rezaee, Sharbatoghlie, Elam McMickle, 2002). Basically, this incorporates assessment of record balance parts in the organizations proclamations. References Flowerday, S., Blundell, A. W., Von Solms, R. (2006). Constant examining innovations and models: A discussion.Computers security,25(5), 325-331. Gay, G. E., Simnett, R. (2000).Auditing and affirmation benefits in Australia. Sydney: Mcgraw-slope. Rezaee, Z., Sharbatoghlie, An., Elam, R., McMickle, P. L. (2002). Consistent inspecting: Building computerized reviewing capability.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,21(1), 147-163. Taylor, W. A. (2000). Change-point examination: an amazing new instrument for recognizing changes. preprint, accessible as https://www. variety. com/cpa/tech/changepoint. html.

Business Law Reasons Employees Act

Questions: 1.Why did Isabel Arnett settle on the business choice that she made? Legitimize your answer. 2.This situation represents one of the principle reasons why moral issues happen in business. What is the explanation? 3.Would an individual who holds fast to the standard of rights think of it as moral for Arnett not to unveil potential security concerns and decline to play out extra research on Kafluk? Why or why not? Give reasons.4.If Kafluk forestalled 50 Asian individuals who were contaminated with winged creature influenza from biting the dust, would that change the moral thought in this situation? Why or why not? Give reasons. 5 Did Tamik or Arnett damage the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act in this situation? Why or why not? Legitimize Answers: 1. untrustworthy conduct and choice are aftereffect of three factors that is singular components, issue explicit factor, and condition factor. Singular variables mean those representatives who have authority and they act unscrupulously just to maintain a strategic distance from discipline. These people control different people groups for their own benefit, and don't think about the result of their activities. These people groups feel that moral approaches are followed according to conditions (NBS, 2010). In the current case, Isabel Arnett attempt to pay off the groups of those childrens who end it all on account of impacts of kafluk, and she denied for additional examination with respect to this issue in the organization. She took this choice to stay away from the contention and future disciplines. 2. there are number of explanations for untrustworthy conduct by society, and a portion of these reasons are: Individual the most compelling motivation behind exploitative conduct in the business are the own morals of person. In the event that individual doesn't hesitate to talk lie with relative, at that point he didn't think once before lying to their business partners. Business culture-there is organizations which center around monetary advantages, and they are eager to cause budgetary benefits and didn't to feel disgrace in settling on any deceptive choice for procuring an additional penny. Force when individual get power they had previously, at that point it become hard for them to deal with that force and they begin settling on dishonest choice to keep up that power (Whiting, n.d.). 3. Moral choices are significant for the organization, and get number of advantages for the organization who follow morals. Choices of the organization are made by the individual and gatherings yet whoever settles on these choices is affected by the way of life and standards of the organization. In the current case, choices took by Isabel Arnett isn't useful for the notoriety of the organization. Deceptive conduct, choice or absence of corporate social duty may give short profit in present yet its not useful for the notoriety of the organization over the long haul. Such moral practice doesn't pull in partners of the organization, and this will bring about loss of benefit to the organization (Business contextual investigations, n.d.). 4. there are a few choices which effectsly affect people. Some increase from that choice while some paid for that choice. It has both great and awful impacts on person. Utilitarianism is one of the most well-known methodologies for settling on moral choice, and as indicated by this methodology choice is moral in the event that it brings about progressively great and less awful. This methodology is thought of while taking choice for enormous number of individuals. In the current case, in the event that kafula spare 50 individuals from passing on, at that point this choice is viewed as moral choice since it accomplished good overall (Brown University, n.d.). 5. Remote Corrupt Practices Act 1977 was authorized to make it unlawful if any individual makes any installment as pay off to the administration authorities to get or holding business (Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 1977, n.d.). In the current case, Isabel Arnett attempts to make installment to the Japanese families and not the administration authorities. In this way, they violated the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 1977. References: NBS, (2010). 3 Reasons Employees Act Unethically. Recovered on first December 2016 from: https://nbs.net/information/3-reasons-representatives act-deceptively/. Whiting, B. Reasons for Unethical Behavior in International Business. Recovered on first December 2016 from: https://study.com/foundation/exercise/reasons for unscrupulous conduct in-universal business.html. Business contextual analyses. Moral strategic policies. Recovered on first December 2016 from: https://businesscasestudies.co.uk/cadbury-schweppes/moral strategic policies/the-significance of-morals in-business.html#axzz4Rfa9AOWi. Earthy colored University. A Framework for Making Ethical Decisions. Recovered on first December 2016 from: https://www.brown.edu/scholastics/science-and-innovation considers/structure settling on moral choices. Remote Corrupt Practices Act 1977-outline.

Whats the Standard High School Curriculum You Should Take

What's the Standard High School Curriculum You Should Take SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It is safe to say that you are considering what a common secondary school educational program resembles? Would you like to realize what classes you’ll be taking as a secondary school understudy? Peruse this manual for find out about the standard secondary school educational program, secondary school graduation prerequisites, and what classes universities anticipate that you should have taken. Step by step instructions to Find Your School's Curriculum This is a general manual for secondary school educational plans. It was made by looking into national training guidelines, just as the educational plans of secondary schools the nation over. While the data underneath applies to numerous understudies, not every single secondary school show similar courses, follow a similar course grouping, or have a similar educational program necessities. Utilize this data as a rule to inquire about your own high school’s educational program more top to bottom. To locate your own school's educational program, converse with your scholarly counsel. You can likewise look on your school's site, scanning for graduation prerequisites, course grouping or something comparable. Your secondary school's course list will likewise as a rule contain this data. Which Subjects Should You Take More Rigorous Courses In? Notwithstanding clarifying commonplace graduation necessities, each center subject in this guide incorporates approaches to surpass fundamental prerequisites and reinforce your transcript. Be that as it may, attempting to go the additional mile in each subject can be debilitating and lead to you getting wore out. Since schools acknowledge profundity more than expansiveness, focus on investing additional energy in the area(s) you intend to keep concentrating in school. For instance, in the event that you plan on studying a STEM (science, innovation, building, math) field, attempt to follow our rules for surpassing desires in your math and science classes, and stress less over taking propelled courses in English and history (albeit still work to get strong evaluations in those courses). So also, in the event that you plan on studying something like news coverage, focus the vast majority of your exertion on taking propelled English classes and extra English electives. Likewise, in the event that you are taking a gander at going to a profoundly serious school, realize that most anticipate that candidates should have taken distinctions or propelled classes if their school offers them, and most additionally require or enthusiastically suggest finishing four years in each center subject (math, science, English, and social investigations). Need to show signs of improvement evaluations and grades? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best mentoring administration. We consolidate world-class master mentors with our restrictive educating methods. Our understudies have gotten An's on a huge number of classes, ideal 5's on AP tests, and absurdly high SAT Subject Test scores. Regardless of whether you need assistance with science, math, English, sociology, or more, we have you secured. Show signs of improvement reviews today with PrepScholar Tutors. Standard High School Curriculum The following is data on the commonplace classes a secondary school understudy will be relied upon to take, sorted out by subject. Each subject incorporates classes that are required to graduate secondary school, classes universities anticipate that understudies should have taken, and proposals for approaches to dazzle by going past these desires. English Prerequisites: Four years of English are required to graduate secondary school. First year recruit and Sophomore years: Classes during these years will be basically centered around creating composing and basic understanding abilities. Junior year: This year will concentrate on American writing, just as proceeded with advancement of composing abilities. Senior Year: Electives Potential electives incorporate British writing, experimental writing, and world writing. Universities will expect all secondary school graduates to have finished four years of English. To Exceed Expectations: Take praises or AP classes whenever the situation allows. There are two AP English classes: English Language and Composition (generally taken junior year), and English Literature and Composition (normally taken senior year). There are three IB writing classes: Language A: Literature, Language A: Language and Literature, and Literature and Performance. Likewise consider taking extra English electives in zones that you’re inspired by, for example, writing or composing. Math Prerequisites: At any rate three years of math, including variable based math and geometry, is required to graduate secondary school. The ordinary course request is: Polynomial math 1 Geometry Polynomial math 2/Trigonometry Pre-Calculus Analytics (Not all understudies start with polynomial math 1, and not all understudies total all the above courses or follow the above request precisely) Most universities require three-four years of math for non-STEM majors, including variable based math 1 and 2 and geometry. For STEM majors, most universities require four years of math, some of the time including pre-analytics and math. To Exceed Expectations: Take four years of math. Take math at the most significant level offered by your school, for example, at a distinctions or AP level. There are three AP Math classes: Calculus AB, Calculus BC, and Statistics. There are four IB Math classes that spread generally a similar material yet shift in trouble and speed. Take pre-analytics and math, if conceivable. Take extra math-related electives, for example, insights and PC math. Science Prerequisites A few years of science, including science and science, is required to graduate secondary school. First year: Biology Sophomore year: Chemistry Junior year: Physics or Earth Science Understudies who are progressively positive about their math and science abilities normally take material science, while the individuals who are not take earth science. Senior year: discretionary electives Potential electives incorporate space science, ecological science, and human science. Most schools require two-three years of science for non-STEM majors. For STEM majors, most schools require four years of science, including material science. To Exceed Expectations: Take four years of science. Take praises or quickened classes your initial three years. Take material science rather than earth science your lesser year. Take an AP science class your senior year. AP science classes include: Biology, Chemistry, Physics (1,2, and C variants), and Environmental Science There are seven IB science classes: Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Computer Science, Design Technology, Environmental Systems and Societies, Sports, Education and Health Science You can likewise take more vocation centered classes if your school offers them, for example, work shadowing at a medical clinic. Social Studies Prerequisites: Three years of social examinations, including US history, is frequently required to graduate secondary school. First year: Introductory course This can be a human topography course or another early on social investigations class. Sophomore year: World history Junior year: US History Senior year: Optional electives Potential electives incorporate brain science, US government, and human sciences. Most schools require finishing at any rate two years of social investigations, frequently including US history and World or European history classes. For understudies anticipating studying a related field, for example, political theory or history, most universities require they have finished four years of social investigations. To Exceed Expectations: Take four years of social examinations. Take AP classes when conceivable during your initial three years. AP alternatives during these three years incorporate Human Geography, World History, European History, and US History During your senior year, take an AP social examinations elective, if conceivable. AP electives incorporate Macroeconomics, Microeconomics, Psychology, US Government and Politics, and Comparative Government and Politics. IB classes for social examinations are offered under the gathering entitled â€Å"Individuals and Societies†. Ten classes are offered on changing subjects. Unknown dialect Prerequisites: Unknown dialect necessities can differ significantly by school. Most secondary schools expect understudies to finish one-two years of unknown dialect. Most universities require one-two years of an unknown dialect, and exceptionally serious schools may require or prescribe as long as four years. Most secondary schools and universities necessitate that these credits all originate from the equivalent unknown dialect. For instance, if your secondary school requires two years of unknown dialect, taking Spanish 1 and Spanish 2 will meet that necessity, however taking Spanish 1 and afterward changing to Italian 1 frequently won’t. To Exceed Expectations: Take one unknown dialect every one of the four years of secondary school, including AP level if conceivable. You may likewise need to think about taking a second unknown dialect. Different Classes These are classes that are not part of the main subjects, yet may at present be a piece of graduation necessities. Electives Most secondary schools expect understudies to finish a specific number of credits so as to graduate. Center prerequisites, (for example, those recorded above) normally don't fill every one of these credits, so additional room in your calendar can be utilized to take electives. Electives can be customary, praises, or AP level. They can identify with a center subject, for example, measurements, exploratory writing, and zoology, or not, for example, ensemble, drawing, and carpentry. Physical Education Numerous secondary schools expect understudies to finish one-four years of physical training. This might be postponed on the off chance that you take an interest in a school sport. The most effective method to Use This Information Since you recognize what the ordinary secondary school educational program resembles, you can utilize this data to settle on progressively educated choices about your own secondary school classes. A few moves to make include: Consider your course grouping early, in a perfect world beginning first year if conceivable. Think about your course decisions each quarter or semester. Is it accurate to say that you are on target to graduate on schedule? Are you taking the classes you have to get into the universities you need and t

Lab on Aspirin Tablets Essay Example

Lab on Aspirin Tablets Essay This lab was essentially about finding the level of acetylsalicylic corrosive in an anti-inflamatory medicine tablet. To start with, the base was made, which was made out of 1. 00 g of NaOH and D-water. At that point the buret was joined to the clip on the ring stand and the base was filled the buret. From that point forward, individually, an anti-inflamatory medicine tablet was dropped into an Erlenmeyer jar loaded up with 50 mL of D-water so it could get disintegrated. After the tablet was totally broken up, a couple of drops of phenol were included, and the base was included gradually, changing the shade of the blend into a pink. The flagon was to be turned around. This was completed multiple times, attempting to get the pink shading to remain for at any rate two minutes. Materials: * D-water * Scale * Slop recepticle * Erlenmeyer Flask x3 * Volumetric Flask * Ring Stand * Buret * Buret Clamp * Phenolphthalein * NaOH * Weighing vessels * Aspirin Tablets x3 * Stirring Rod * Scoopula Purpose: The reason for this lab was to discover the level of acetylsalicylic corrosive in n headache medicine tablet. Hypothesis/Intro: Aspirin has various properties that make it the most suggested medicate pretty regularly. It is a pain relieving, which implies that it is viable in help with discomfort. Being a calming specialist, it is likewise gives some alleviation from the growing related with joint pain and minor wounds. It likewise diminishes fever since it is an antipyretic compound. In excess of 40 million pounds of headache medicine are created in the U. S. consistently. This rate separates to around 300 tablets for each year for each lady, man, and kid. We will compose a custom exposition test on Lab on Aspirin Tablets explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Lab on Aspirin Tablets explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Lab on Aspirin Tablets explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Be that as it may, rehashed use may cause gastrointestinal dying, and enormous portions can incite a large group of responses including spewing, loose bowels, vertigo, and mind flights. The normal portion is roughly 0. 3-1 g, however single dosages of 10-30 g can be lethal. The most significant compound in the union of headache medicine, salicylic corrosive, is set up from phenol by a procedure found more than 100 years prior by a German scientific expert Hermann Kolbe. Otherwise called acetylsalicylic corrosive, anti-inflamatory medicine has a compound equation of C9H8O4. Headache medicine is sold over the counter and comes in a wide range of structures. You can have white tablets to biting gum and rectal suppositories. Additionally accessible are covered, chewable, cradled and broadened discharge structures. Over the counter meds like Alka-Seltzer Original Effervescent Antacid Pain Reliever, contains ibuprofen for help with discomfort. Headache medicine has a place with a gathering of medications called salicylates. Ibuprofen isn’t so natural on the stomach since it is immediately consumed into the circulation system and gives fast and generally durable help with discomfort. Anti-inflamatory medicine additionally decreases irritation. Scientists accept these impacts come about in light of the fact that anti-inflamatory medicine obstructs the creation of agony delivering synthetic concoctions which are called prostaglandins. While it relieves torment and decrease irritation, it additionally brings down fever by following up on the piece of the mind that controls temperature. The cerebrum at that point imparts signs to the veins to extend, which permit any warmth to leave the body all the more successfully. Techniques: 1. Make 100 mL of 0. 20M NaOH arrangement. 2. Discover mass of one tablet. 3. Break down tablet in jar utilizing, 50mL of D-water. Utilize a blending bar to help with pounding and dissolving the tablet. There ought to be some fine substances on the base of the cup, it’s the starches put in the tablets. 4. While one accomplice is dissolving the tablet the other one ought to set up the buret and stand. Spot the clasp on the stand. Next wash the buret with a little D-water before putting the buret on the clip. Next fill the buret with NaOH arrangement up to a spot over the â€Å"O† checking on the buret. Open the buret, to permit a portion of the base to run into a slop measuring utencil accordingly filling the tip. Ensure the degree of the fluid is currently underneath the zero imprint. Record the perusing in the wake of filling the tip. 5. Include a few drops of the pointer, phenolphthalein, to the cup. 6. Gradually include the base while whirling the cup. Proceed with include base until a swoon pink shading remains in flagon. Record the incentive from the buret. Include a couple of drops more and check whether the shading stays and changes. You don't need a dim purple shading. Record the last estimation of base required. 7. Rehash the procedure for two additional tablets, for three altogether. Top off the buret after every preliminary. Drawing Observations: 1. The headache medicine tablets were white. 2. The headache medicine tablets had a smooth surface. 3. The anti-inflamatory medicine tablets were scentless. 4. The NaOH was an iced white shading. 5. The NaOH was unscented. 6. The base was a reasonable shading; no fine substances were deserted. . At the point when the NaOH was placed in D-water it broke down altogether deserting nothing. 8. At the point when the anti-inflamatory medicine tablets were placed in D-water they required a significant stretch of time to disintegrate. 9. At the point when the headache medicine tablets were at last broken up, fine substances were abandoned. 10. At the point when the base was blended in with the broke up anti-inflamatory medicine tablets nothing occurred. 11. At the point when the drops of phenol were included, at that point the blend turned pink. 12. From the outset, the base was added to rapidly so it transformed into a dim pink, practically purple. 13. In the wake of turning the blend a couple of times it would lose its pink shading and turn around into an unmistakable shading. 4. At the subsequent attempt, the base transformed into a medium pink shading. 15. It stood pink for a more drawn out timeframe, roughly 1 moment. 16. The blends for each of the three preliminaries were scentless. 17. At the last attempt, the base was a light pink shading, and it remained for two minutes. 18. At the point when a lot of base was added to the phenol/disintegrated headache medicine, the blend would transform into a dull pink. 19. At the point when the base was included gradually , the pink shading kept going a more drawn out time. 20. The quicker the base was included, the darker the blend got, and the more it took to come back to its unique clear shading. End: One wellspring of blunder could’ve been that the NaOH arrangement that was filled the buret wasn’t at the zero imprint. This could have influenced the final products in such a case that it wasn’t at the zero imprint that implies that we had progressively fluid at that point required, so when the base was filled the phenol/broke down anti-inflamatory medicine blend the chronicles weren’t precise. That implies that the figurings were lost on the grounds that an inappropriate sum was utilized. Another wellspring of mistake could’ve been that when the 1. 00 g of NaOH was estimated it wasn’t precise. The scale is extremely touchy and perhaps breathing could’ve influenced the result. This influences our outcomes since now there isn’t as much NaOH as there ought to be in the base, which could cause a distinction when the anti-inflamatory medicine and phenol are blended in with base. The shading could’ve perhaps remained for more. The last wellspring of blunder could’ve been that the base was poured in too rapidly from the buret, causing the shading change to be off.

The Psychology of How People Learn

The Psychology of How People Learn Theories Behavioral Psychology Print The Psychology of How People Learn By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 24, 2019 Multi-bits/The Image Bank/Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Learning is often defined as a relatively lasting change in behavior that is the result of experience. When you think of learning, it might be easy to fall into the trap of only considering formal education that takes place during childhood and early adulthood, but learning is actually an ongoing process that takes place throughout all of life. How do we go from not knowing something to acquiring information, knowledge, and skills?   Learning became a major focus of study in psychology during the early part of the twentieth century as behaviorism rose to become a major school of thought. Today, learning remains an important concept in numerous areas of psychology, including cognitive, educational, social, and developmental psychology. One important thing to remember is that learning can involve both beneficial and negative behaviors. Learning is a natural and ongoing part of life that takes place continually, both for better and for worse. Sometimes people learn things that help them become more knowledgeable and lead better lives. In other instances, people can learn things that are detrimental to their overall health and well-being. The process of learning new things is not always the same. Learning can happen in a wide variety of ways. To explain how and when learning occurs, a number of different psychological theories have been proposed. Learning Through Classical Conditioning Learning through association is one of the most fundamental ways that people learn new things. Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov discovered one method of learning during his experiments on the digestive systems of dogs. He noted that the dogs would naturally salivate at the sight of food, but that eventually the dogs also began to salivate whenever they spotted the experimenter’s white lab coat. Later experiments involve pairing the sight of food with the sound of a bell tone. After multiple pairings, the dogs eventually began to salivate to the sound of the bell alone. Classical conditioning is a type of learning that takes place through the formation of associations. A neutral stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response is paired with a neutral stimulus. Eventually, an association forms and the previously neutral stimulus becomes known as a conditioned stimulus that then triggers a conditioned response. How Classical Conditioning Works Learning Through Operant Conditioning The consequences of your actions can also play a role in determining how and what you learn. Behaviorist B.F. Skinner noted that while classical conditioning could be used to explain some types of learning, it could not account for everything. Instead, he suggested that reinforcements and punishments were responsible for some types of learning. When something immediately follows a behavior, it can either increase or decrease the likelihood that the behavior will occur again in the future. This process is referred to as operant conditioning. For example, imagine that you just got a new puppy, and you would like to begin training it to behave in specific ways. Whenever the puppy does what you want it to do, you reward it with a small treat or a gentle pat. When the puppy misbehaves, you scold him and do not offer affection. Eventually, the reinforcement leads to an increase in the desired behaviors and a decrease in the unwanted behaviors. Learning Through Observation While classical conditioning and operant conditioning can help explain many instances of learning, you can probably immediately think of situations where you have learned something without being conditioned, reinforced or punished. Psychologist Albert Bandura noted that many types of learning do not involve any conditioning and in fact, evidence that learning has occurred might not even be immediately apparent. Observational learning occurs by observing the actions and consequences of other people’s behavior (such as with latent learning). In a series of famous experiments, Bandura was able to demonstrate the power of this observational learning. Children watched video clips of adults interacting with a large, inflatable Bobo doll. In some instances, the adults simply ignored the doll, while in other clips the adults would hit, kick and yell at the doll. When kids were later given the chance to play within a room with a Bobo doll present, those who had observed the adults abusing the doll were more likely to engage in similar actions. As you can see, learning is a complex process that involves multiple factors. Psychologists today not only study how learning occurs but also how social, emotional, cultural, and biological variables might influence the learning process. How People Learning Through Observation A Word From Verywell Learning is not a one-dimension process. It takes place in many different ways and there are a wide variety of factors that can influence how and what people learn. While people often focus on the observable and measurable ways that learning takes place, it is also important to remember that we cannot always immediately detect what has been learned. People are capable of learning things that are not immediately observable.

The Psychology of How People Learn

The Psychology of How People Learn Theories Behavioral Psychology Print The Psychology of How People Learn By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 24, 2019 Multi-bits/The Image Bank/Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Learning is often defined as a relatively lasting change in behavior that is the result of experience. When you think of learning, it might be easy to fall into the trap of only considering formal education that takes place during childhood and early adulthood, but learning is actually an ongoing process that takes place throughout all of life. How do we go from not knowing something to acquiring information, knowledge, and skills?   Learning became a major focus of study in psychology during the early part of the twentieth century as behaviorism rose to become a major school of thought. Today, learning remains an important concept in numerous areas of psychology, including cognitive, educational, social, and developmental psychology. One important thing to remember is that learning can involve both beneficial and negative behaviors. Learning is a natural and ongoing part of life that takes place continually, both for better and for worse. Sometimes people learn things that help them become more knowledgeable and lead better lives. In other instances, people can learn things that are detrimental to their overall health and well-being. The process of learning new things is not always the same. Learning can happen in a wide variety of ways. To explain how and when learning occurs, a number of different psychological theories have been proposed. Learning Through Classical Conditioning Learning through association is one of the most fundamental ways that people learn new things. Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov discovered one method of learning during his experiments on the digestive systems of dogs. He noted that the dogs would naturally salivate at the sight of food, but that eventually the dogs also began to salivate whenever they spotted the experimenter’s white lab coat. Later experiments involve pairing the sight of food with the sound of a bell tone. After multiple pairings, the dogs eventually began to salivate to the sound of the bell alone. Classical conditioning is a type of learning that takes place through the formation of associations. A neutral stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response is paired with a neutral stimulus. Eventually, an association forms and the previously neutral stimulus becomes known as a conditioned stimulus that then triggers a conditioned response. How Classical Conditioning Works Learning Through Operant Conditioning The consequences of your actions can also play a role in determining how and what you learn. Behaviorist B.F. Skinner noted that while classical conditioning could be used to explain some types of learning, it could not account for everything. Instead, he suggested that reinforcements and punishments were responsible for some types of learning. When something immediately follows a behavior, it can either increase or decrease the likelihood that the behavior will occur again in the future. This process is referred to as operant conditioning. For example, imagine that you just got a new puppy, and you would like to begin training it to behave in specific ways. Whenever the puppy does what you want it to do, you reward it with a small treat or a gentle pat. When the puppy misbehaves, you scold him and do not offer affection. Eventually, the reinforcement leads to an increase in the desired behaviors and a decrease in the unwanted behaviors. Learning Through Observation While classical conditioning and operant conditioning can help explain many instances of learning, you can probably immediately think of situations where you have learned something without being conditioned, reinforced or punished. Psychologist Albert Bandura noted that many types of learning do not involve any conditioning and in fact, evidence that learning has occurred might not even be immediately apparent. Observational learning occurs by observing the actions and consequences of other people’s behavior (such as with latent learning). In a series of famous experiments, Bandura was able to demonstrate the power of this observational learning. Children watched video clips of adults interacting with a large, inflatable Bobo doll. In some instances, the adults simply ignored the doll, while in other clips the adults would hit, kick and yell at the doll. When kids were later given the chance to play within a room with a Bobo doll present, those who had observed the adults abusing the doll were more likely to engage in similar actions. As you can see, learning is a complex process that involves multiple factors. Psychologists today not only study how learning occurs but also how social, emotional, cultural, and biological variables might influence the learning process. How People Learning Through Observation A Word From Verywell Learning is not a one-dimension process. It takes place in many different ways and there are a wide variety of factors that can influence how and what people learn. While people often focus on the observable and measurable ways that learning takes place, it is also important to remember that we cannot always immediately detect what has been learned. People are capable of learning things that are not immediately observable.

Stress Among College Students - Free Essay Example

Wake up, go to school, go to school and get assignments, worry about assignments, do assignments, and stress out. Stressing out in this day and era comes as second nature as breathing does. Everything around us causes stress which in turn stress can lead to many diseases and ultimately leads to a life not enjoyed to the fullest. There is one natural thing that can be done to alleviate the stress of our everyday lives, meditation. Stress amongst college students is the worst. In a study given by Ruzhenkova et al. they highlight how badly stress can impact and individual students life. They claim that stress can lead to suicidal thoughts and even suicidal attempts. They conducted a study following medical students and stress and found that those between 45%-83% of students showing signs of stress had in fact suicidal thoughts. Students should be attending school because they have a desire to further their knowledge and understanding of the world and the cost of doing so should not be stress, it should not harm their health. Is it inevitable to live a life with stress? Yes, and no, there is an incredibly small chance of finding someone who is not phased by stress but there are steps and precautions we can take to try and keep our levels of stress down. There is a myriad of prescribed medication that you can ask a doctor for to help keep your stress down, such as Xanax or Prozac, the down side to those is that there are costly. Costly not because of the monetary value but because they are highly addictive and in my cases people who are users of those pills end up over dosing and dying. Fortunately, there is a different approach to reduce levels of stress that is both natural and cost effective. Meditation has been researched and exposed as being a natural was to help cope with high levels of stress. Before we delve in to explaining how mindful meditation helps achieve Zen we must first define what mindful meditation is and how it is practiced. Baer, Smith and Allen (2004) have a swell definition to mindful meditation, they explain that mindful meditation is the practice of focusing ones attention in a nonjudgmental or accepting way on the experience occurring in the present moment. This means that mindful meditation aims to help individuals focus on their inner being and inner soul to try and see their current situation as not a stressor or debilitating factor but rather look at their situation in a way that allows them to remain calm and focused and think of manners in which to resolve it without jumping to conclusions or creating stress. Lutz, Slagter, Dunne, and Davidson (2008) also seek to provide a definition to mindful meditation. They rely on a more scientific approach and definition. They explain how the practice of meditation is basically the practice of Focused Attention (FA). Focused Attention occurs when the individual practicing meditations chooses one specific item/thing that they focus their entire attention to. What usually ends up being this item that people tend to focus on is ones breathing. This is helpful because at the beginning of the meditation session, the individual will usually focus on their breathing going into their body and out of their body. The point of meditation is to let go of your stressful thoughts and overthinking so when the individual meditating realizes that they are starting to loose focus and think of other things they can get back on track by re-focusing their attention to breathing. Mindful Meditation is recommended to be practiced in the early morning or whenever and individual first wakes up. It is recommended that they be in a place where the individual is alone and there are no distractions around. They should sit/lie down and close their eyes and focus on their breaths. Focus on when air enters their body and focus on the air when they exhale (Maiti, 2017). There are even guided meditation videos that can be found on the internet when someone will soothingly walk the individual listening through the steps that are needed in order to free their mind on harmful and negative thoughts that may enter. The overall goal of mindful meditation is simply to put he mind, soul, and body at ease and aid in relaxing the individual in their day to day lives and tasks. There have been numerous studies conducted throughout modern times about the effects of mindful meditation on the mind. One the stands out particularly is a study conducted by Moore and Malinowski (2009), they examined subjects who were told to mindfully mediate for a while and then would record the effects that the meditation had on their brains. They found out that those who did in fact practice mindful meditation showed greater levels of attention and cognitive flexibility. Cognitive flexibility is the power we have to switch the way we think and process information. If someone has high cognitive flexibility then they have the power to change their thinking from a pessimist, negative view point to a more optimistic, positive outlook. This means that if they are able to change their cognitive thinking into a more positive forefront then they are able to process situations that occur to them in a lighter more effective way. Instead of stressing and becoming overwhelmed with their cu rrent situation they have made their cognitive flexibility switch that to allow them to remain calm and focused at the task at hand. This, having a calmer and ethereal way of processing our current situations is what mindful meditation seeks to aid in. Park and Folkman (1997) came up with a model that helps to explain an individuals outlook and intake on life and their experiences. They call this the Meaning Appraisal Model. They claim that individuals have an internalized global framework which is a way of saying that it is how an individual takes life, whether they take it with a grain of salt or life weighs down on them heavily. Park and Folkman express that an individual sets these guidelines through their beliefs, ingrained patterns of seeing the world, and their values. This framework dictates how their life pans out. For example, if an individual grows up thinking that black people are beneath them and are worthless and then later grow up and fall in love with someone who is black they might have negative experiences of themselves. They might loathe themselves because they have grown up believing that loving someone who is black is wrong yet here they are in love with someone of a darker skin tone, they will be conflicted an d hurt. Therefore, cognitive flexibility can provide guidance to an individual that seeks to change their outlook, their global framework. Overtime it has been proven that it is not easy to change the mind of an individual but nevertheless, studies have shown (Moore and Malinowski, 2009) that mindful meditation can in fact make the cognitive flexibility process of an individual that much easier than if they did not practice meditation. Suppose that the individual (mentioned above) who loathed people of darker skin was able to change their global framework (Park and Folkman, 1997) through cognitive flexibility from detesting black people to realizing that black people are no different than any other race. That individual would successfully lead a life where they realized that loving someone of a different skin color is more than okay, they would ultimately lead a better life. They would be in love and when someone is in love, life is so much more worth living. There is someone they look forwa rd to seeing everyday and they have someone who they have to live for, thus reducing thoughts of suicide. Having done extensive research on mindful meditation, I took the initiative to conduct my own small scale study. I decided to practice mindful meditation everyday for two weeks. I am a high strung person who is not in touch with her emotions and finds hard to not take situations that occur to me to heart. I am fairly young and therefore, have different things to navigate, from financial situations, friendships, school and even romantic relationships. It is incredibly easy to get stressed from any and all of the above mentioned situations. After, the first four days of mindful meditation I did not see a huge improvement on my global (Park and Folkman, 1997), however, after the first week I did notice myself getting much more calm about situations thrown to me, especially those situations regarding school. I am not so sure that my cognitive flexibility has changed drastically since it had only been two weeks but I did notice a different in the way I dealt with school assignments. In addition, I conducted another smaller scale study on my peers at the University of California, Merced. I set up a survey that asked five questions, I asked if they mindfully meditated on a regular basis, how stressed they were at the moment, how satisfied they were with their life, if they believed they have a more pessimist or optimistic view of their life, and if they often felt overwhelmed by the pressures presented by life (the survey was distributed through UC Merced Classifieds page on Facebook and UC Merced Students and Alumni page also on Facebook). I received sixty-three responses. Of those sixty-three responses I only received nine that mindfully meditated which means that only 14% of those respondents mindfully meditated on a regular basis. Those nine that practiced mindful meditation different than those that did not because overall they scored lower on how stressed out they were in comparison to those that do not mindfully meditate. The mindful meditators said they were more satisfied with life than those who did not meditate. Those that did not meditate believed that they had a slightly more pessimistic view of life than those that do mindfully mediate. The biggest disparity came in how overwhelmed they felt by the pressures of life. Those that practice mindful meditation said that overall they feel less overwhelmed with lifes situations while those that do not meditate recorded feeling more overwhelmed with lifes situations.